Understanding Arches in Architectural Design
The use of arches in construction dates back thousands of years. They are meant to carry loads above openings like doors, windows, and passageways. The curved shape of an arch helps distribute weight along the sides, thus reducing pressure on the centre. This is why arches are strong and stable, even when made from small individual blocks or bricks.
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What is an Arch in Construction?
An arch describes a curved opening in construction with weight placed above it. It works purely through compression in such a place where all forces act either in a downward or outward direction. The different parts of an arch are:
- Voussoirs: Wedge-shaped blocks that make up the arch.
- Keystone: The centre block at the top that locks the arch in place.
- Abutments: The walls or supports that hold the arch from each end.
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Types of Arches in Architecture: The Complete List
Architects and engineers use different arches based on style, function, and material. Here are 10 key types of arches you should know about:
1. Semi-Circular Arch
The semicircular arch is one of the oldest and most commonly used types. It gets its shape from a perfect half-circle, whereas semi-arches are chiefly concerned with Roman architecture. The forces are equally transferred to the supports at either end, making it a very strong arch. The arch allows a large open area underneath it, creating great entrances and passageways. We can still see the semi-circular arches used in old churches, bridges, and other classical buildings.
2. Florentine Arch
Florentine arches are considered the combination of a flat arch and a segmental arch. They have a lower rise in the middle, giving the form that of a flat form with a slight, gentle curve on top. This type is often found within windows and doorways just for decorative purposes. It is quite neat, which makes it ideal for modern house arch designs.
3. Inverted Arch Footing
In contrast to other arches wherein the rise is upward, inverted arch footings are made so that the curve is downward. It is commonly found in foundation constructions in soil types with poor load-bearing capacity. The arch helps spread the load wider and stiffens the structure's base.
4. Relieving Arch
A relieving arch is constructed over a flat opening, preferably a lintel, to transfer the load from the horizontal beam below. It sustains the structure against wastage due to overhanging loads. It applies to old masonry buildings with flat arches or wooden beams. The use of a relieving arch distributes weight sideways, thereby avoiding the occurrence of cracking and collapse.
5. 3 Centered Arch (Three Centred Arch)
A 3-centred arch, sometimes known as a three-centred arch, is created by using three separate centres to construct a flatter, wider arch span. Such arches are often found in many forms in tunnels, wide doorways, and railway bridges. Combining strength with a flat profile, the arch is run in areas where headroom is at a premium, but opening width is essential.
6. Multifoil Arch
The multifoil arch has multiple curves or “foils” within its shape, making it highly decorative. It is often found in Islamic and Moorish architecture and is commonly used in mosques and palaces. These arches give a unique and intricate look, ideal for entrances and windows.
7. Triangle Arch
The triangle arch is a pointed design formed by two straight sides meeting at the top. Unlike curved arches, this type transfers load more sharply to the base. It is mostly used for decorative purposes or in places where the Gothic style is preferred.
8. Segmental Arch
The segmental arch is part of a circle but less than a semi-circular arch; it is stronger than flat arches and employs less height, making it suitable for present-day constructions where headroom is tight. It is very often found in residential homes over doors and windows.
9. Flat Arch
A flat arch looks like almost a straight horizontal line, but it has a slight curve from the outside to consider the load. It is most widely used in light load areas, such as interior doors, small windows, etc. It is very simple; it needs exact construction to maintain stability.
10. Horseshoe Arch
The horseshoe arch has an extra curve over the semi-circular arch. This arch is used greatly in Islamic, Spanish, and Moorish architecture. This arch gives an architectural structure a dramatic and elegant appearance, mostly seen in mosques and cultural buildings.
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